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The segregation of bacterial chromosomes follows a precise choreography of spatial organisation. It is initiated by the bipolar migration of the sister copies of the replication origin ( ori ). Most bacterial chromosomes contain a partition system (Par) with  parS  sites in close proximity to  ori  that contribute to the active mobilisation of the  ori  region towards the old pole. This is thought to result in a longitudinal chromosomal arrangement within the cell. In this study, we followed the duplication frequency and the cellular position of 19  Vibrio cholerae  genome loci as a function of cell length. The genome of  V. cholerae  is divided between two chromosomes, chromosome I and II, which both contain a Par system. The  ori  region of chromosome I ( ori I  ) is tethered to the old pole, whereas the  ori  region of chromosome II is found at midcell. Nevertheless, we found that both chromosomes adopted a longitudinal organisation. Chromosome I extended over the entire cell while chromosome II extended over the younger cell half. We further demonstrate that displacing  parS  sites away from the  ori I   region rotates the bulk of chromosome I. The only exception was the region where replication terminates, which still localised to the septum. However, the longitudinal arrangement of chromosome I persisted in Par mutants and, as was reported earlier, the  ori  region still localised towards the old pole. Finally, we show that the Par-independent longitudinal organisation and  ori I   polarity were perturbed by the introduction of a second origin. Taken together, these results suggest that the Par system is the major contributor to the longitudinal organisation of chromosome I but that the replication program also influences the arrangement of bacterial chromosomes.

The Two Cis-Acting Sites, parS1 and oriC1, Contribute to the Longitudinal Organisation of Vibrio cholerae Chromosome I