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The integrative and conjugative element ICE clc  is a mobile genetic element in  Pseudomonas knackmussii  B13, and an experimental model for a widely distributed group of elements in  Proteobacteria . ICE clc  is transferred from specialized transfer competent cells, which arise at a frequency of 3-5% in a population at stationary phase. Very little is known about the different factors that control the transfer frequency of this ICE family. Here we report the discovery of a three-gene operon encoded by ICE clc , which exerts global control on transfer initiation. The operon consists of three consecutive regulatory genes, encoding a TetR-type repressor MfsR, a MarR-type regulator and a LysR-type activator TciR. We show that MfsR autoregulates expression of the operon, whereas TciR is a global activator of ICE clc  gene expression, but no clear role was yet found for MarR. Deletion of  mfsR  increases expression of  tciR  and  marR , causing the proportion of transfer competent cells to reach almost 100% and transfer frequencies to approach 1 per donor.  mfsR  deletion also caused a two orders of magnitude loss in population viability, individual cell growth arrest and loss of ICE clc . This indicates that autoregulation is an important feature maintaining ICE transfer but avoiding fitness loss. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the  mfsR-marR-tciR  operon is unique for ICE clc  and a few highly related ICE, whereas  tciR  orthologues occur more widely in a large variety of suspected ICE among  Proteobacteria .

plos genetics

An Operon of Three Transcriptional Regulators Controls Horizontal Gene Transfer of the Integrative and Conjugative Element ICEclc in Pseudomonas knackmussii B13