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One of the key issues in our understanding of life is the study of the essential set of genes and proteins that make up a living cell and a living organism. Genome-wide studies have identified between 270 and 650 essential genes in bacteria and about 900 essential genes in yeast [1]. Once the essential gene set is known, questions are raised as to why these genes are essential and which important functions the encoded proteins fulfil. The issue is complicated by the fact that essential functions may be carried out by pairs of homologous genes that functionally replace each other and by convergent metabolic functions of non-homologous proteins [2], [3].  Comparative analyses of the essential gene sets of different bacteria have revealed a significant set of genes that is essential in all bacteria studied so far. These genes can be referred to as obligatory essential genes. In contrast, facultative essential genes are essential in one organism but may be non-essential or even absent in other organisms, related or unrelated. It is obvious that the obligatory essential genes encode proteins that fulfil the most important housekeeping functions, such as the processing of the genetic information. Indeed, many proteins involved in DNA replication, transcription and translation are conserved and essential in all bacteria.

A Mystery Unraveled: Essentiality of RNase III in Bacillus subtilis Is Caused by Resident Prophages