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Vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Because of the propensity of bioactive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to cause toxic hypercalcemia, considerable effort has been directed to identifying safer drugs while retaining the efficacy of the parent compound. However, vitamin D precursors do not present toxicity concerns and may be sufficient for CRC chemoprevention or chemotherapy, providing the appropriate enzymes are present in colonic epithelia. We previously showed that CYP27B1 is present at equally high levels in the colon and CRC irrespective of differentiation but was not present in metastases. In this study we used quantitative immunohistochemistry to show that CYP27A1, converting D3 to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, is present in increasing concentrations in the nuclei of normal colonic epithelia, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and adenomatous polyps. Whereas total cellular CYP27A1 remains high in CRC and lymph node metastases, the amount of enzyme present in the nuclei decreases with tumor cell dedifferentiation while rising in the cytoplasm. Similarly, increasing amounts of the deactivating enzyme CYP24 are present in the nuclei of normal colonic epithelia, ACFs, and adenomatous polyps. Although the amount of total CYP24 decreases slightly in CRC as a function of tumor cell dedifferentiation and metastasis, location of this enzyme shifts almost entirely from the nuclear compartment to the cytoplasmic compartment. These data indicate that non-toxic vitamin D precursors should be sufficient for CRC chemoprevention, but that neither vitamin D nor its precursors may be sufficient for CRC chemotherapy.

CYP27A1 and CYP24 Expression as a Function of Malignant Transformation in the Colon