Thrênoi to Moirológia : Female Voices of Solitude, Resistance, and Solidarity

Margaret Alexiou’s The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition offered a diachronic, comprehensive study of Greek ritual lament that emphasized continuities between ancient and modern lament traditions while incorporating stylistic and thematic analyses of lament texts. In the past three decades, Alexiou’s seminal work has been fundamental in shaping the field of lament studies; it has influenced scholars from such various academic fields as classics, comparative literature, anthropology, ethnomusicology, and folklore to engage in explorations of mourning that take into account textual, performative, and cultural contexts. 1 The anthropologist Anna Caraveli-Chaves, whose fieldwork emphasizes cultural issues of gender and lament in rural Epiros and Crete, has identified the following salient elements of modern Greek women’s lament: the role of the lamenter as mediator, or “bridge” between the worlds of the living and the dead; the aesthetics and function of ponos (“pain”); lament as vehicle for revenge; lament as an instrument for social criticism and protest; and finally the role of lament in establishing solidarity among the community of women mourners. 2 This essay explores the relationship between gender, lamentation, and death in the Greek tradition, making use of Alexiou’s diachronic paradigm and by expanding upon Caraveli-Chaves’ ideas regarding the social role of lament by examining and comparing ancient literary representations of women in mourning with authentic examples of women’s lament practices based on ethnographic material from modern rural Greece. I shall focus specifically on the function of female lament as an expression of individual and collective pain (ponos; plural ponoi) and as a vehicle for uniting Greek women mourners through social bonding and solidarity in a community—what Caraveli-Chaves has termed a