Bolschewismus, Stalinismus und Nationalsozialismus aus der Sicht russischer Exildenker - am Beispiel der "Vechi"-Autoren und der "Novyj-Grad"-Gruppe

"In October 1917, in Russia, emerged the first modern totalitarian regime. This development was, already a few years before, predicted by a number of Russian thinkers. These were the editors of the 1909 collected volume 'Vekhi' (Landmarks ). Since the early 1920s, the majority of the 'Vekhi' authors were in exile, in Europe. There, they became witnesses of the victorious rise of totalitarian regimes of the extreme right. At that time, it emerged that the catastroph of 1917 in Russia had only been the first act in an all- European tragedy. These developments were astutely analyzed by the authors of 'Vekhi' as well as by other thinkers of the Russian exile. This article will focus on some of their findings which have been largely ignored in Western studies of totalitarianism." (author's abstract