Obywatele u władzy: narodziny, rozkwit i zmierzch szlacheckiej republiki

The article examines the expansion of political rights and the changing forms of nobility’s political participation in the context of constitutional transformation of the state since the late 14th c. to the end of the 17th c. First, there was a noted increase in political aspirations among nobility which resulted in a growing number of noblemen participating in local public/political life. This, in turn, resulted in a gradual broadening of political agenda. As a consequence, these stimulated the emergence and development of parliamentary institutions, and varying communication methods between the Crown and the localities. In addition, these processes triggered the emergence and development of a distinct civic/political culture among the nobility; one which was strongly rooted in republican ethos, respect of the law and the ideals of civic consensus. Political system which had been created in the course of the 15th century reached its mature, complex form in the late 16th century. In the 17th century the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth had to face new, unknown challenges, which altered the nature of noble participation in public life. The development of the clientage system, and with it the rise of magnates and their influence, was the most significant manifestation of these complex changes. As a result, there was a drastic shift in the decision making process: state institutions were increasingly losing their power in favour of parallel informal structures. In effect, by the end of the 17th century, it was the faction leaders who had the decisive say over the Commonwealth’s interior and international politics. As such, the country’s future and stability depended on the frail balance of power between rival fractions.