Time-plans of the organisms: Jakob von Uexküll’s explorations into the temporal constitution of living beings

The term “time-plan” is introduced in the article to sum up the diversity of temporal processes described by Jakob von Uexkull (1864–1944) in the framework of the general Planmassigkeit of nature. Although Uexkull hardly had any connections with his contemporary philosophies of time, the theme of the subjective times and timing of the organisms forms an essential part of his umwelt theory. As an alternative to the dominance of evolutionary time in biological discussions, Uexkull took perceptual and developmental times of organisms as his natural scientific priorities. While discussing the characteristics of the latter, Uexkull departs from an epigenetic position. Discussion about perceptual time entails detecting the primary units of time (moments) as well as how the succession of moments results in the perception of movement. The last part of the article will explicate the significance of the “time plan” concept for biophilosophical discussions. It is suggested that the bioethical question rising from Uexkull’s works may take the following form: do other biological subjects besides humans have a right to their own timing?