Wennekülla Hans and Estonian church language

In the 17th century two Estonian literary languages were standardised. As literary language was needed primarily for translat- ing ecclesiastical texts and for worship services, it evolved as a church language that was created mainly by German pastors, following the example of the German language. At the end of the 17th century, in connection with the translation of the Bible and the establishment of Estonian schools, there emerged a need to renew the literary language and make it more approachable for the common people. The reforms created a situation where church manuals that differed in dialects, orthography and wording were used simultaneously. The case of Wen- nekulla Hans in the year 1700 demonstrates how a peasant reacted to that confusion. Wennekulla Hans, who was a self-appointed preacher in the parish of Paistu/Paistel, got caught up in a confl ict with the pas- tor Andreas Hornung, who belonged to the circle of language inno- vators. The peasant accused the pastor of false teaching because the pastor was using a church manual with a modifi ed language version. The case is one of the earliest examples of the evolution of a literary language into a sociolect that was used not only by clergymen but by peasants as well.