Stress before training alters memory retrieval of a non-declarative memory in Lymnaea

Stress alters both memory formation and its retrieval. Here, we show that a combination of stressors before an associative learning event alters memory retrieval of a non-declarative memory in an invertebrate model system. Previously, two combinations of stressors were purported to prevent long-term memory (LTM) formation in 'smart' Lymnaea and this inability to form LTM was considered to be a cost of being smart. Here, we show that is not the case. The specific combinations of stressors used here cause emotional memory formation. Previously, it was shown that propranolol, a synthetic beta-blocker, altered emotional memory in Lymnaea. We show here that when propranolol but not saline is injected into smart snails before they perceive the combination of stressors, these snails form LTM. We then show that the injection of propranolol but not saline before a memory activation session allowed the memory to be recalled. That is, LTM formed but was not retrievable unless propranolol was injected pre-retrieval. Thus, the smart snails formed LTM in the face of the stressors but could not retrieve it.