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Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is often assumed to be indicative of the energy turnover at ambient temperatures ( T  a ) below the thermoneutral zone (SMR), but this assumption has remained largely untested. Using a new statistical approach, we quantified the consistency in nocturnal metabolic rate across a temperature range in zebra finches ( N =3213 measurements on 407 individuals) living permanently in eight outdoor aviaries. Foraging conditions were either benign or harsh, and body mass and mass-adjusted BMR (BMR m ) and SMR (SMR m ) were lower in individuals living in a harsh foraging environment. The correlation between SMR m at different T  a was high ( r =0.91), independent of foraging environment, showing that individuals are consistently ranked according to their SMR m However, the correlations between BMR m and SMR m were always lower (average: r =0.29; range: 0&lt; r &lt;0.50), in particular in the benign foraging environment. Variation in metabolic response to lower T  a at least in part reflected differential body temperature ( T  b ) regulation: early morning T  b was lower at low T  a , and more so in individuals with a weaker metabolic response to lower T  a Our findings have implications for the use of BMR in the estimation of time-energy budgets and comparative analyses: we suggest that the use of metabolic rates at ecologically relevant T  a , such as the easily tractable SMR, will be more informative than the use of BMR as a proxy for energy turnover.

Individual variation in metabolic reaction norms over ambient temperature causes low correlation between basal and standard metabolic rate