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The regulation of TGFβ signal transduction
Author(s) -
Aristidis Moustakas,
CarlHenrik Heldin
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
development
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.754
H-Index - 325
eISSN - 1477-9129
pISSN - 0950-1991
DOI - 10.1242/dev.030338
Subject(s) - biology , smad , signal transduction , microbiology and biotechnology , smad2 protein , r smad , phosphorylation , transcription factor , serine , kinase , protein serine threonine kinases , transforming growth factor beta , effector , transforming growth factor , genetics , protein kinase a , endoglin , gene , stem cell , cd34
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) pathways are implicated in metazoan development, adult homeostasis and disease. TGFbeta ligands signal via receptor serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate, and activate, intracellular Smad effectors as well as other signaling proteins. Oligomeric Smad complexes associate with chromatin and regulate transcription, defining the biological response of a cell to TGFbeta family members. Signaling is modulated by negative-feedback regulation via inhibitory Smads. We review here the mechanisms of TGFbeta signal transduction in metazoans and emphasize events crucial for embryonic development.

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