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Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a potent inhibitor of mineralocorticoid synthesis induced in adrenal glomerulosa cells by physiological agonists activating the calcium messenger system, such as angiotensin II (Ang II) and potassium ion (K+). While the role of calcium in mediating Ang II- and K+-induced aldosterone production is clearly established, the mechanisms leading to blockade of this steroidogenic response by ANP remain obscure. We have used bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa cells in primary culture, in which an activation of the calcium messenger system was mimicked by a 2-h exposure to an intracellular high-calcium clamp. The effect of ANP was studied on the following parameters of the steroidogenic pathway: 1) pregnenolone and aldosterone production; 2) changes in cytosolic ([Ca2+]c) and mitochondrial ([Ca2+]m) Ca2+ concentrations, as assessed with targeted recombinant aequorin; 3) cholesterol content in outer mitochondrial membranes (OM), contact sites (CS), and inner membranes (IM); 4) steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein import into mitochondria by Western blot analysis; 5) StAR protein synthesis, as determined by[ 35S]methionine incorporation, immunoprecipitation, and SDS-PAGE; 6) StAR mRNA levels by Northern blot analysis with a StAR cDNA; 7) StAR gene transcription by nuclear run-on analysis.  While clamping Ca2+ at 950 nm raised pregnenolone output 3.5-fold and aldosterone output 3-fold, ANP prevented these responses with an IC50 of 1 nm and a maximal effect of 90% inhibition at 10 nm. In contrast, ANP did not affect the[ Ca2+]c or[ Ca2+]m changes occurring under Ca2+ clamp or Ang II stimulation in glomerulosa cells. The accumulation of cholesterol content in CS (139.7 ± 10.7% of control) observed under high-Ca2+ clamp was prevented by 10 nm ANP (92.4 ± 4% of control). Similarly, while Ca2+ induced a marked accumulation of StAR protein in mitochondria of glomerulosa cells to 218 ± 44% (n = 3) of controls, the presence of ANP led to a blockade of StAR protein mitochondrial import (113.3 ± 15.0%). This effect was due to a complete suppression of the increased[ 35S]methionine incorporation into StAR protein that occurred under Ca2+ clamp (94.5 ± 12.8% vs. 167.5 ± 17.3%, n = 3). Furthermore, while the high-Ca2+ clamp significantly increased StAR mRNA levels to 188.5 ± 8.4 of controls (n = 4), ANP completely prevented this response. Nuclear run-on analysis showed that increases in intracellular Ca2+ resulted in transcriptional induction of the StAR gene and that ANP inhibited this process.  These results demonstrate that Ca2+ exerts a transcriptional control on StAR protein expression and that ANP appears to elicit its inhibitory effect on aldosterone biosynthesis by acting as a negative physiological regulator of StAR gene expression.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Inhibits Calcium-Induced Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Gene Transcription in Adrenal Glomerulosa Cells