Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Regulate Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-Dependent and -Independent Signaling Pathways during Myogenic Differentiation

Activation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) autocrine loop is required for myogenic differentiation and results in sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1 and -2 (ERK-1 and -2). We show here that insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation on tyrosine and serine residues and association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) are also associated with IGF-dependent myogenic differentiation. Down-regulation of IRS-1 is linked to its serine phosphorylation dependent on PI 3-kinase activity and appears required for differentiation to occur, as IRS-1 is not modified and continues to accumulate in a nondifferentiating myoblast cell line. Furthermore, inhibition of PI 3-kinase activity with LY294002 blocks differentiation, as demonstrated by inhibition of myogenin and myosin heavy chain expression and ERK activation. Blocking the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade with PD98059 does not block myogenic differentiation; however, myotubes do not survive. Thus, PI 3-kinase, in association with IRS-1, is involved in an ERK-independent signaling pathway in myoblasts required for IGF-dependent myogenic differentiation and in inducing sustained activation of ERKs necessary for later stages of differentiation.