Integration of Prolactin and Glucocorticoid Signaling at the β-Casein Promoter and Enhancer by Ordered Recruitment of Specific Transcription Factors and Chromatin Modifiers

Lactogenic hormone regulation of β-casein gene expression in mammary epithelial cells provides an excellent system in which to perform kinetic studies of chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activation. Using HC11 cells as a model, we have investigated the effects of prolactin (Prl) and glucocorticoids both singly and in combination at different time points after hormone treatment. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, we have determined the dynamics of assembly and disassembly of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, glucocorticoid receptor, CCAAT enhancer binding protein β, and Ying Yang-1 at the hormonally activated β-casein proximal promoter as well as the distal mouse β-casein enhancer located approximately −6 kb upstream of the transcription start site. Prl alone resulted in a rapid recruitment of both signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 and histone deacetylase 1 to the β-casein promoter and enhancer, and reciprocally the dissociation of Ying Yang-1 from the proximal promoter. In addition, we have examined the recruitment of coactivator p300 and determined chromatin acetylation status as a function of hormonal treatment. Finally, we have established the time course of RNA polymerase II and phospho-RNA polymerase II accumulation at the β-casein promoter and enhancer after stimulation with hydrocortisone and Prl. Although glucocorticoids alone led to a rapid increase in histone H3 acetylation, treatment with both hormones was required for stable association of p300 and phospho-RNA polymerase II at both the promoter and enhancer. Collectively, these data suggest a model for the assembly of a multiprotein complex that helps to define how the signaling pathways controlled by these lactogenic hormones are integrated to regulate β-casein gene expression.