First Year Metabolic and Hormonal Behavior Define two Different Populations of SGA Newborn for Weight or Height

Context Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) children have a particular metabolic and hormonal pattern at birth that changes rapidly. Objective To evaluate the linear and weight growth in the first year of life in SGA children. Design Prospective, monocentric cohort study. Setting Real-world data collected from April 2012 to January 2016. Patients SGA newborns uniformly defined by either growth or length lower than -2 SDs for gestational age. Interventions All children were evaluated for 1 year after birth, at 3 days of life, then 3, 6, and 12 months after birth. Main outcome measures Anthropometric parameters and biochemical variables, such as blood glucose, insulin, leptin, IGF-1, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and homeostasis model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Results A total of 133 SGA children were enrolled. Length significantly improved 1 month after birth, whereas weight significantly increased only at 3 months after birth. Biochemical variables increased during the first year of life, showing a prediction by IGFBP-3 and HOMA-IR index. Then, the variables were divided considering either weight, length, or both, showing a different incidence. The biochemical variable changes recorded in the first step were maintained considering SGA children for weight or length, whereas they disappeared when weight and length were considered together. Conclusions Our study shows a specific catchup growth for weight and length in SGA children. Moreover, we highlight that weight and length should be considered as independent parameters in SGA children, defining 2 different metabolic-hormonal populations with different conceivable predictive role in early catchup growth and in later growth and metabolic status.