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Major recent advances in genetics and genomics present unique opportunities for enhancing our understanding of human physiology and disease predisposition. Here I demonstrate how analysis of genomic information can provide new insights into endocrine systems, using the human growth hormone (GH) signaling pathway as an illustrative example. GH is essential for normal postnatal growth in children, and plays important roles in other biological processes throughout life. GH actions are mediated by the GH receptor, primarily via the JAK2 protein tyrosine kinase and the STAT5B transcription factor, and inactivating mutations in this pathway all lead to impaired somatic growth. Variation in GH signaling genes has been evaluated using DNA sequence data from the Exome Aggregation Consortium, a compendium of information from &amp;gt;60,000 individuals. Results reveal many potential missense and other alterations in the coding regions ofGH1,GHR,JAK2, andSTAT5B, with most changes being uncommon. The total number of different alleles per gene varied by ~threefold, from 101 forGH1 to 338 forJAK2. Several known disease-linked mutations inGH1,GHR, andJAK2 were present but infrequent in the population; however, three amino acid changes inGHR were sufficiently prevalent (~4% to 44% of chromosomes) to suggest that they are not disease causing. Collectively, these data provide new opportunities to understand how genetically driven variability in GH signaling and action may modify human physiology and disease.

The New Genomics: What Molecular Databases Can Tell Us About Human Population Variation and Endocrine Disease