Contribution of Nutritional Deficit to the Pathogenesis of the Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome in Critical Illness: A Rabbit Model Study

Both starvation and critical illness are hallmarked by changes in circulating thyroid hormone parameters with typically low T3 concentrations in the absence of elevated TSH. This constellation is labeled nonthyroidal illness (NTI). Because critical illness is often accompanied by anorexia and a failing gastrointestinal tract, the NTI of critical illness may be confounded by nutrient deficiency. In an experimental study performed in a rabbit model, we investigated the impact of nutritional deficit on the NTI of sustained critical illness. Critically ill rabbits were randomly allocated to parenteral nutrition (moderate dose 270 kcal/d) initiated on the day after injury and continued until d 7 of illness or to infusing a similar volume of dextrose 1.4% (14 kcal/d). With early parenteral nutrition during illness, the decrease in serum T3 observed with fasting was reversed, whereas the fall in T4 was not significantly affected. The rise in T3 with parenteral nutrition paralleled an increase of liver and kidney type-1 and a decrease of liver and kidney type-3 deiodinase activity and an increase in circulating and central leptin. Nuclear staining of constitutive androstane receptor and its downstream expression of sulfotransferases were reduced in fasting ill animals. TRH expression in the hypothalamus was not different in fasted and fed ill rabbits, although circulating TSH levels were higher with feeding. In conclusion, in this rabbit model of sustained critical illness, reduced circulating T3, but not T4, levels could be prevented by parenteral nutrition, which may be mediated by leptin and its actions on tissue deiodinase activity.