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Background:   The pivot-shift test is an important indicator of functional outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR). Preoperative instability as indicated by the pivot-shift test is associated with residual instability after ACLR. Few studies have used quantitative means to evaluate the pivot shift after ACLR.Purpose:   To investigate the relationship between preoperative and residual instability and to identify the risk factors for residual instability by using quantitative measurements of the pivot shift.Study Design:   Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:   A total of 91 patients undergoing primary double-bundle ACLR were retrospectively enrolled. Quantitative measurements of instability for ACL-deficient knees (ACLD) and uninjured contralateral knees (intact) preoperatively, as well as ACLR knees intraoperatively, were performed under general anesthesia using the pivot-shift test, with inertial sensors to measure acceleration and external rotational (ER) angular velocity. The ratios of intact to ACLD (ACLD/I) and intact to ACLR (ACLR/I) were measured. Patients who showed an ACLR/I of &gt;1 were classified into the residual instability group, and those with an ACLR/I of ≤1 were classified into the noninstability group. Regarding demographic, surgical, and quantitative measurement factors, between-group comparisons and multivariate logistic regression were conducted for predictors of residual instability. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the correlations between ACLD/I and ACLR/I and the cutoff value of ACLD/I in predicting residual instability.Results:   The predictive factors for intraoperative residual instability included female sex (odds ratio [OR], 0.3 [95% CI, 0.1-0.9]; P = .034) and ACLD/I for acceleration (OR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.2-2.1]; P &lt; .001), and ACLD/I for ER angular velocity (OR, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.2-3.1]; P = .013). Correlations between ACLD/I and ACLR/I were moderate with respect to both acceleration ( r = 0.435; P &lt; .001) and ER angular velocity ( r = 0.533; P &lt; .001). The cutoff points for ACLD/I were 4.9 for acceleration (sensitivity, 65.1%; specificity, 85.7%; area under the curve [AUC], 0.76) and 2.4 for ER angular velocity (sensitivity, 80.0%; specificity, 50.0%; AUC, 0.74).Conclusion:   Greater preoperative instability was a risk factor for residual instability as measured intraoperatively by a quantitatively evaluation in the pivot shift during ACL reconstruction. Quantitative measurements of instability during the pivot shift mechanism under general anesthesia may enable surgeons to predict postoperative residual instability.

orthopaedic journal of sports medicine

Preoperative Knee Instability Affects Residual Instability as Evaluated by Quantitative Pivot-Shift Measurements During Double-Bundle ACL Reconstruction