Open AccessAndrogen Deprivation Therapy and the Risk for Inguinal Hernia: An Observational Nested Case Control Study
Author(s) -
Maria Hermann,
Hanna Vikman,
Pär Stattin,
A Katawazai,
Ove Gustafsson,
Johan Styrke,
Gabriel Sandblom
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
american journal of men's health
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.881
H-Index - 34
eISSN - 1557-9891
pISSN - 1557-9883
DOI - 10.1177/15579883211058606
Subject(s) - medicine , prostate cancer , nested case control study , androgen deprivation therapy , odds ratio , confidence interval , inguinal hernia , population , cohort study , comorbidity , hormonal therapy , cancer , gynecology , oncology , surgery , hernia , environmental health
It has been suggested that hypogonadism increases the risk for inguinal hernia (IH). The aim of this study was to investigate any association between androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer and increased risk for IH. The study population in this population-based nested case-control study was based on data from the Prostate Cancer Database Sweden. The cohort included all men with prostate cancer who had not received curative treatment. Men who had been diagnosed or had undergone IH repair ( n = 1,324) were cases and controls, where not diagnosed, nor operated on for IH, matched only on birth year ( n = 13,240). Conditional multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess any temporal association between ADT and IH, adjusting for marital status, education level, prostate cancer risk category, Charlson Comorbidity Index, ADT, time since prostate cancer diagnosis, and primary prostate cancer treatment. Odds ratio (OR) for diagnosis/repair of IH 0 to 1 year from start of ADT was 0.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.38, 0.68]); between 1 and 3 years after, the OR was 0.35 (95% CI = [0.26, 0.47]); between 3 and 5 years after, the OR was 0.39 (95% CI = [0.26, 0.56]); between 5 and 7 years after, the OR was 0.6 (95% CI = [0.41, 0.97]); and >9 years after, the OR was 3.68 (95% CI = [2.45, 5.53]). The marked increase in OR for IH after 9 years of ADT supports the hypothesis that low testosterone levels increase the risk for IH. The low risk for IH during the first 8 years on ADT is likely caused by selection of men with advanced cancer unlikely to be diagnosed or treated for IH.