Open AccessTracheostomy During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Comparison of International Perioperative Care Protocols and Practices in 26 Countries
Author(s) -
BierLaning Carol,
Cramer John D.,
Roy Soham,
Palmieri Patrick A.,
Amin Ayman,
Añon José Manuel,
BonillaAsalde Cesar A.,
Bradley Patrick J.,
Chaturvedi Pankaj,
Cognetti David M.,
Dias Fernando,
Di Stadio Arianna,
Fagan Johannes J.,
FellerKopman David J.,
Hao ShengPo,
Kim Kwang Hyun,
Koivunen Petri,
Loh Woei Shyang,
Mansour Jobran,
Naunheim Matthew R.,
Schultz Marcus J.,
Shang You,
Sirjani Davud B.,
St. John Maie A.,
Tay Joshua K.,
Vergez Sébastien,
Weinreich Heather M.,
Wong Eddy W. Y.,
Zenk Johannes,
Rassekh Christopher H.,
Brenner Michael J.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
otolaryngology–head and neck surgery
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.232
H-Index - 121
eISSN - 1097-6817
pISSN - 0194-5998
DOI - 10.1177/0194599820961985
Subject(s) - covid-19 , pandemic , perioperative , medicine , medical emergency , intensive care medicine , virology , outbreak , anesthesia , infectious disease (medical specialty) , disease
Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has led to a global surge in critically ill patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, some of whom may benefit from tracheostomy. Decisions on if, when, and how to perform tracheostomy in patients with COVID‐19 have major implications for patients, clinicians, and hospitals. We investigated the tracheostomy protocols and practices that institutions around the world have put into place in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Data Sources Protocols for tracheostomy in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection from individual institutions (n = 59) were obtained from the United States and 25 other countries, including data from several low‐ and middle‐income countries, 23 published or society‐endorsed protocols, and 36 institutional protocols. Review Methods The comparative document analysis involved cross‐sectional review of institutional protocols and practices. Data sources were analyzed for timing of tracheostomy, contraindications, preoperative testing, personal protective equipment (PPE), surgical technique, and postoperative management. Conclusions Timing of tracheostomy varied from 3 to >21 days, with over 90% of protocols recommending 14 days of intubation prior to tracheostomy. Most protocols advocate delaying tracheostomy until COVID‐19 testing was negative. All protocols involved use of N95 or higher PPE. Both open and percutaneous techniques were reported. Timing of tracheostomy changes ranged from 5 to >30 days postoperatively, sometimes contingent on negative COVID‐19 test results. Implications for Practice Wide variation exists in tracheostomy protocols, reflecting geographical variation, different resource constraints, and limited data to drive evidence‐based care standards. Findings presented herein may provide reference points and a framework for evolving care standards.