History matching of channel reservoirs using ensemble Kalman filter with continuous update of channel information

Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has been widely studied due to its excellent recursive data processing, dependable uncertainty quantification, and real-time update. However, many previous works have shown poor characterization results on channel reservoirs with non-Gaussian permeability distribution, which do not satisfy the Gaussian assumption of EnKF algorithm. To meet the assumption, normal score transformation can be applied to ensemble parameters. Even though this preserves initial permeability distribution of ensembles, it cannot provide reliable results when initial reservoir models are quite different from the reference one. In this study, an ensemble-based history matching scheme is suggested for channel reservoirs using EnKF with continuous update of channel information. We define channel information which consists of the facies ratio and the mean permeability of each rock face. These are added to the ensemble state vector of EnKF and updated recursively with other model parameters. Using the updated channel information, ensemble parameters are retransformed after each assimilation step. The proposed method gives better characterization results in case of using even poorly designed initial ensemble members. The method also alleviates overshooting problem of EnKF without further modifications of EnKF algorithm. The methodology is applied to channel reservoirs with extreme non-Gaussian permeability distribution. The result shows that the updated models can find channel pattern successfully and the uncertainty range is decreased properly to make a reasonable decision. Although initial channel information of the ensemble members shows big difference with the real one, it can be updated to follow the reference.