A data-driven workflow to improve energy efficient operation of commercial buildings: A review with real-world examples

Data-driven building operation and maintenance research such as metadata inference, fault detection and diagnosis, occupant-centric controls (OCCs), and non-invasive load monitoring have emerged (NILM) as independent domains of study. However, there are strong dependencies between these domains; for example, quality of metadata affects the usability of fault detection and diagnostics techniques. Further, faults in controls hardware and programs limit the performance of OCCs. To this end, a literature review was conducted to identify the dependencies between these domains of research. Additionally, real-world examples using operational data from three institutional buildings in Ottawa, Canada, were provided and discussed to demonstrate these dependencies. Finally, a holistic tool-agnostic workflow was introduced which suggested the implementation of operational energy efficiency measures in the following order to ensure their full potential: (1) improve metadata, (2) address faults, (3) implement OCCs, and (4) monitor enhanced key performance indicators (KPIs). The proposed workflow is intended to be comprehensive, reproducible, nonintrusive, and inexpensive to implement. Practical applications: Optimization of building operations has been emerging among energy management professionals as a relatively low-cost means to achieve energy efficiency and minimize occupants’ discomfort. To this end, this study introduces a tool-agnostic data-driven workflow to building energy management practitioners that can assist them in achieving increased energy efficiency. The proposed workflow recognizes the interdependency of the various domains of research which have historically been treated independently.