Four early clinical studies to assess the effects of Peruvian bark

From the late seventeenth century onwards, in vitro and animal\udexperimentation, chemical tests and microscopical observation, and the\udanalysis of single case histories were used to understand the pharmacology\udand therapeutic properties of the Peruvian bark. Four examples illustrate how\ud“clinical experiments” with the bark were made during the last third of the\udeighteenth century: in a hospital, the army, the navy, and finally in private\udpractice