Regional Perspective on Mechanisms for Tropical Precipitation Frequency and Intensity under Global Warming

From a global point of view, a shift toward more intense precipitation is often found in observations and globalwarmingsimulations.However,similartochangesinmeanprecipitation, thesechanges associatedwith precipitationcharacters,such asintensityandfrequency,shouldvarywithspace.Basedon theclassificationof the subregions for the tropics in Chou et al., changes in precipitation frequency and intensity and their association with changes in mean precipitation are analyzed on a regional basis in 10 coupled global climate models. Furthermore, mechanisms for these changes are also examined, via the thermodynamic and dynamic contributions. In general, the increase (decrease) of mean precipitation is mainly attributed to increases (decreases) in the frequency and intensity of almost all strengths of precipitation: that is, light to heavy precipitation. The thermodynamic contribution, which is associated with increased water vapor, is positive to both precipitation frequency and intensity, particularly for precipitation extremes, and varies little with space. On the other hand, the dynamic contribution, which is related to changes in the tropical circulation, is the main process for inducing the spatial variation of changes in precipitation frequency and intensity. Among mechanisms that induce the dynamic contribution, the rich-get-richer mechanism (the dynamic part), ocean feedback, and warm horizontal advection increase precipitation frequency and intensity, while the upped-ante mechanism, the deepening of convection, longwave radiation cooling, and cold horizontal advection tend to reduce precipitation frequency and intensity.