Deriving Atmospheric Temperature of the Tropopause Region–Upper Troposphere by Combining Information from GPS Radio Occultation Refractivity and High-Spectral-Resolution Infrared Radiance Measurements

Global positioning system radio occultation (GPS/RO) measurements from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas-C (SAC-C) satellites are used to improve tropospheric profile retrievals derived from the Aqua platform high-spectral-resolution Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and broadband Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) measurements under clear-sky conditions. This paper compares temperature retrievals from combined AIRS, AMSU, and CHAMP/SAC-C measurements using different techniques: 1) a principal component statistical regression using coefficients established between real (and in a few cases calculated) measurements and radiosonde atmospheric profiles; and 2) a Bayesian estimation method applied to AIRS plus AMSU temperature retrievals and GPS/RO temperature profiles. The Bayesian estimation method was also applied to GPS/RO data and the AIRS Science Team operational level-2 (version 4.0) temperature products for comparison. In this study, including GPS/RO data in the tropopause region produces the largest improvement in AIRS– AMSU temperature retrievals—about 0.5 K between 100 and 300 hPa. GPS/RO data are found to provide valuable upper-tropospheric information that improves the profile retrievals from AIRS and AMSU.