Revascularization of High-Grade Carotid Stenosis Restores Global Cerebral Energy Metabolism

Background and Purpose— Chronic cerebral hemodynamic impairment due to high-grade occlusive carotid disease may lead to compromised energy metabolism. This might result in chronic subtle tissue damage, even in patients without overt brain infarction. The aim of this study was to investigate hypoperfusion-related changes of cerebral energy metabolism and their potential restitution after revascularization. For this purpose, 3-dimensional31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and oxygenation-sensitive T2′ magnetic resonance imaging were used (with 1/T2′=1/T2*−1/T2), which were expected to cross-validate each other.Methods— Ten patients with unilateral high-grade carotid artery stenosis resulting in a transient ischemic attack or a nondisabling cerebral ischemia were included. Then, high-energy metabolites, intracellular pH, and oxygenation-sensitive quantitative (q)T2′ values were determined in noninfarcted hypoperfused areas delineated on time-to-peak maps from perfusion-weighted imaging and in unaffected contralateral areas before and shortly after carotid stenting/endarterectomy. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test for intervention effects. Results— Within dependent hypoperfused areas ipsilateral to the stenosis, qT2′ was significantly decreased (P <0.05) as compared to corresponding contralateral areas before carotid intervention. There was a significant effect of carotid intervention on qT2′ values in both hemispheres (P <0.001). No differences between hemispheres were found for qT2′ after revascularization. Intracellular pH and qT2′ values showed a significant negative relationship (P =0.005) irrespective of time point and hemisphere.Conclusions— After revascularization of unilateral high-grade carotid stenosis, previously decreased qT2′ in the dependent hypoperfused territory as marker of hypoxia reincreases not only in the dependent territory but also in corresponding contralateral brain tissue. This might indicate a restriction of the whole-brain oxygen metabolism in case of unilateral high-grade carotid stenosis and an improvement of whole-brain oxygenation after revascularization that goes beyond acute clinically apparent affection of the dependent territory. Furthermore, tissue oxygen supply seems to be closely linked to intracellular pH.