Circulating Endothelial Markers in Retinal Vasculopathy With Cerebral Leukoencephalopathy and Systemic Manifestations

Background and Purpose— Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations (RVCL-S) is a monogenic small vessel disease, caused by C-terminal truncatingTREX1 mutations, that can be considered a model for stroke and vascular dementia. The pathophysiology of RVCL-S is largely unknown, but systemic endothelial involvement has been suggested, leading to pathology in the brain and other highly vascularized organs. Here, we investigated circulating endothelial markers to confirm endothelial involvement and identify biomarkers for disease activity.Methods— We measured circulating levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen, VWF propeptide, and angiopoietin-2 in members of 3 Dutch RVCL-S families and matched unrelated healthy controls. Stratified analyses based on symptomatology and age were performed. Results— We found elevated levels of VWF antigen, VWF propeptide, and angiopoietin-2 inTREX1 mutation carriers (n=31) compared with family members without aTREX1 mutation (n=33) and unrelated healthy controls (n=31; Kruskal–Wallis testP <0.001 for all comparisons). Effects were most pronounced in mutation carriers with clinical manifestations aged ≥40 years (Mann–WhitneyU testP <0.001 for all comparisons). Compared with healthy controls, levels of VWF antigen (P =0.02) and angiopoietin-2 (P =0.04) were also elevated in mutation carriers aged <40 years. All 3 markers showed moderate correlations with markers of kidney and liver disease and inflammation (ie, systemic symptoms of RVCL-S).Conclusions— Our results confirm an important role of the endothelium in RVCL-S pathophysiology. VWF antigen, VWF propeptide, and angiopoietin-2 might serve as early biomarkers of disease activity. Our findings might also help to understand the pathophysiology of common neurovascular disorders, such as stroke.