Ultrastructure of Early Lipid Accumulation in ApoE-Deficient Mice

Apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice develop severe hypercholesterolemia and have lesions that progress from fatty streaks to fibrous plaques distributed in lesion-prone areas throughout the aorta. Lesions develop in apoE-deficient mice on a regular chow diet and will occur faster on a diet higher in cholesterol. Examination of the aortas from these mice on a chow diet by high-resolution, freeze-etch electron microscopy demonstrated lipid retention in the intima by 3 weeks of age. Lipid was retained in the matrix as individual particles between 33 and 48 nm in diameter, aligned along the collagen fibrils and in aggregates consisting of lipid particles with average diameters of 33 and 68 nm. Larger particles seemed to have formed from fusion of smaller particles. Lipid retention was more widespread in 5- and 9-week-old mice. Monocyte attachment to endothelial cells was observed by electron microscopy at 5 weeks of age. The appearance of the intimal lipid was similar to that previously described in rabbit models and suggests that lipid interaction with matrix filaments and subsequent aggregation of lipid particles are critical first steps in the process of foam cell formation.