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The integrated innate immune features of the calcareous egg and its contents are a critical underpinning of the remarkable evolutionary success of the Aves clade. Beginning at the time of laying, the initial protective structures of the egg, i.e., the biomineralized eggshell, egg-white antimicrobial peptides, and vitelline membrane, are rapidly and dramatically altered during embryonic development. The embryo-generated extra-embryonic tissues (chorioallantoic/amniotic membranes, yolk sac, and associated chambers) are all critical to counteract degradation of primary egg defenses during development. With a focus on the chick embryo ( Gallus gallus domesticus ), this review describes the progressive transformation of egg innate immunity by embryo-generated structures and mechanisms over the 21-day course of egg incubation, and also discusses the critical interplay between autonomous development and maternal anticipation.

journal of innate immunity

Dynamics of Structural Barriers and Innate Immune Components during Incubation of the Avian Egg: Critical Interplay between Autonomous Embryonic Development and Maternal Anticipation