HIV-Associated Malignancies

peutic approaches for selected AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related malignancies and to describe possible drug-drug interactions. Brunnberg et al. [5] focus on HIV-associated lymphomas. Despite the use of intensive protocols in the cART era, the outcome of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is still worse compared to HIV-negative patients, and the optimal treatment strategy has not been defined yet. The authors also summarize data for HIV-associated Hodgkin’s lymphoma, which shows a 10to 20-fold higher incidence compared to the HIV-negative population, despite optimized anti-infective treatments. Kiderlen and colleagues [6] present date on lung cancer and HIV. The high prevalence of smoking in the HIV-infected population increases the risk of lung cancer, which is often diagnosed in more advanced stages and in younger patients compared to immunocompetent individuals. Hoffmann et al. [7] highlight the specifics in the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma, the crucial role of consequent cART, and new therapeutic options. Oette et al. [8] discuss recent approaches to anal cancer, which has an incidence up to 40 times higher compared with the general population. Jensen et al. [9] describe individualized treatment options for HIV-associated gastrointestinal carcinoma, including liver cancer. Hentrich and Pfister [10] review data on urogenital tumors. Finally, Welz et al. [11] discuss important drug interactions which may not only increase toxicities but also may influence the overall prognosis of the patient. In summary, the close cooperation of oncologists and infectious disease experts is mandatory for a successful management of HIVpositive individuals with cancer. In the cART era, treatment options are getting close to those of HIV-negative patients; however, the overall outcome is still worse in most malignancies. Furthermore, there is no defined standard treatment for HIV-associated cancer. The delineation of the most effective but least toxic treatment for an HIV patient with cancer will be a major objective of future clinical trials.