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Previous studies have shown that inflammation is associated with excessive activation of calpains. Acetylcholine (ACh) has been reported to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine release and protect against cardiomyocyte injury. However, there is no direct evidence regarding whether ACh can regulate calpains to exert cardioprotection. To this end, we investigated the effect of ACh on tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced cardiomyocyte injury and further explored the underlying mechanism.

Acetylcholine Attenuated TNF-α-Induced Apoptosis in H9c2 Cells: Role of Calpain and the p38-MAPK Pathway