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Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which can be isolated from the bone marrow or the peripheral blood, have generated interest because of their capacity to migrate to sites of vascularization and endothelialization and differentiate into endothelial cells in a process termed neovasculogenesis. EPCs are therefore possible regenerative tools for the treatment of vascular diseases and potential targets for the inhibition of angiogenesis during tumor development. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the acceleration of EPC proliferation and colony formation.

GM-CSF Induces Cyclin D1 Expression and Proliferation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells via PI3K and MAPK Signaling