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and generally used drug dosages are different in Japan as compared with other American or European countries and vice versa, (2) there may be racial differences, and (3) there have been many publications concerning stroke therapy in Japan, not written in English, which have not been taken into consideration in the development of western stroke GLs. These timely associations and the joint conviction of evidence-based backgrounds for regulated treatment on one side and best medical insight into pathomechanisms in the absence of such data challenged an improved mutual cooperation among European and Japanese stroke clinicians. Since then, the authors of the following articles met repeatedly and compared the latest versions of the European and Japanese GLs for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. From the beginning, we were well aware about the important differences in structure, style, history and interests that members of the original writing committees in Europe and Japan might have had – as a result, many aspects have only been addressed in one but left out in the other GL, which consequently founded the basis for the comparison tables and chapters listed in the following two articles. Aspects of major importance were surprisingly similar, and hence did not need extensive interpretation even though the classification of evidence levels and recomCerebrovascular Diseases celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2010 with a Europe/Japan Stroke symposium in Barcelona, Spain, 20 years after the first European Stroke Conference . The session addressed different aspects of acute stroke management and strategies for stroke prevention from two viewpoints with specific traditional and historical backgrounds in modern neurovascular medicine, Europe and Japan [1] . During this meeting, speakers and participants in a large auditorium experienced a surprisingly high coincidence of identical or very close proposals and perspectives as well as less common but remarkable differences. Cerebrovascular Diseases had published the 2003 European guidelines (GLs) for the management of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks [2] with an update in 2008 [3] , the European stroke initiative recommendations for the management of ICH in 2006 [4], and very recently, the guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage (2013) [5] , based on western evidence. On the other hand, the first English version of Japanese GLs for the management of stroke were published in 2011 [6] , although the first Japanese GLs for the management of stroke appeared in 2004 in Japan [7, 8] . The reasons why Japan made their own GLs are as follows: (1) some of the approved drugs Received: May 6, 2013 Accepted: May 7, 2013 Published online: May 22, 2013

cerebrovascular diseases

Comparison of Stroke Guidelines: Similarities and Differences between Japanese and European Recommendations for the Management and Prevention of Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes