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Gauvain and Munroe take on a provocative question when they ask: how is cultural change related to the cognitive development of individuals? To address the question, they report an ambitious project that contrasts the cognitive development of people from two small-scale traditional societies (in Kenya and Nepal) with those from two industrial societies (in American Samoa and Belize) [Gauvain & Munroe, 2009]. The findings produced are consistent with other studies that have investigated similar questions in less targeted ways: individuals from more industrialized communities perform more successfully on IQ-like measures than individuals from small-scale traditional groups. Further, across communities children’s performances on the IQ-like measures showed the expected correlations with variables associated with industrialization (like the adoption of radios in homes, the use of why? questions with children, and the reduction of open-fire cooking). The conclusion they draw is that, as small-scale traditional communities shift to industrial societies, individual members advance in cognitive development, and the authors point to their correlational analyses as ways of understanding mechanisms.

Approaches to Reduction in Treatments of Culture-Cognition Relations: Affordances and Limitations