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Accessible online at: www.karger.com/journals/res The incidence, morbidity and mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are rising. While the diagnosis of COPD by general practitioners (GPs) is underestimated [1, 2], COPD will be the fourth among the diseases that will contribute to the global burden of disease by 2020, preceded by ischemic heart disease, unipolar major depression and cerebrovascular disease, respectively [3]. Moreover, prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms associated with COPD are relatively high [1, 2, 4] and COPD is at present a major cause of frequent use of both general practice and hospital services in Europe [5, 6]. In order to standardize the assessment and management of COPD, in the last few years a number of national and international respiratory societies have published guidelines on diagnosis and care of COPD patients [1, 4– 6]. As COPD is a chronic, slowly progressive and largely irreversible disorder, medical interventions of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention have been particularly recommended. Further, due to the natural course of the COPD, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations and hospital admissions, shared care between GPs and hospital doctors seems to be the recommended way to follow up such patients. Epidemiological studies play a central role in identifying risk factors for COPD that can be usefully utilized in preventive clinical interventions in the general practice setting. In the current issue of Respiration, Miravitlles et al. [7] report the results of a multiple logistic regression analysis, aimed at estimating the probability of having either frequent exacerbations or hospital admissions in outpatients with stable COPD. Reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) values were found to increase the risk for the two outcomes of the study, as expected. However, while those patients with chronic mucus hypersecretion and older age had an increased likelihood of two or more exacerbations per year, those with comorbidity – including cardiac insufficiency, ischemic heart disease and diabetes – were more likely to have hospital admissions. These results confirm the importance of the respiratory function level in affecting the course of COPD, and, thus, the usefulness of a frequent spirometric follow-up of these patients. However, the finding of chronic mucus hypersecretion as predictor of acute exacerbations is particularly interesting. Results from longitudinal epidemiological surveys have previously shown an association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline, and subsequent hospitalization because of COPD [8]. Although international clinical guidelines do not strictly recommend mucokinetic agents in the treatment of COPD, they are used in clinical practice in some European countries. Possibly, in the light of such new epidemiological evidence, the role of

How to Predict Exacerbations and Hospital Admissions in Stable COPD Outpatients?