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Background   Traditional Chinese medicine Smilax is the rhizome of liliaceous plant  Smilax china  L., which is used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease and anxieties.Purpose   To investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of the extract from  Smilax china  L. (ES).Methods   The components of ES were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated in xylene-induced ear oedema and egg white-induced plantar swelling test. Cell viability was examined by CCK-8 assay. The inflammatory mediators, proinflammatory cytokines, and MAPK and NF- κ B signals in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells were determined using ELISA, real-time PCR, and Western blot, respectively.Results   20 compounds of ES were confirmed by comparing with the reference substance. ES displayed more prominent anti-inflammatory activity than the positive control “Jin Gang Teng” capsule in the  in vivo  acute inflammatory model. ES suppressed the expression of PGE 2  and 6-Keot-PGF 1  α , and the ratio of IC 50  (COX-1)/IC 50  (COX-2) of ES was 3.15, which indicated that ES could selectively inhibit COX-2. ES dose-dependently (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/L) decreased the production and mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 β , IL-6, and TNF- α . Furthermore, ES significantly decreased LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK1/2, and p65, inhibiting the expression of IKK α  and the degradation of I κ B α .Conclusion   The results suggested that ES could selectively inhibit the activity of COX-2, and the anti-inflammatory effect of ES was associated with the inhibition of IL-1 β , IL-6, and TNF- α  via negative regulation of MAPK and NF- κ B signaling pathways in LPS-induced THP-1 cells.

The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Smilax china L. Extract on LPS-Stimulated THP-1 via Downregulation of MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathway