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Background   Probiotic supplements may be seen as a promising way to improve glucose metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplements on blood glucose, insulin resistance/sensitivity, and prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among pregnant women.Methods   Eleven electronic databases were searched from inception to May 2020. Two authors independently identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs), assessed the eligibility and quality of the included studies, and then extracted data. The primary outcomes were fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 1 h and 2 h plasma glucose after 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), HbA1c, fasting plasma insulin, insulin resistance, and insulin sensitivity. Fixed and random effect models were used to pool the results.Results   A total of 20 RCTs involving 2972 participants were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pooled results of this research showed that probiotic supplements could reduce the level of FPG (mean difference (MD) = −0.11; 95% CI = −0.15 to −0.04;  P =0.0007), serum insulin (MD = −1.68; 95% CI = −2.44 to −0.92;  P  < 0.00001), insulin resistance (MD = −0.36; 95% CI = −0.53 to −0.20;  P  < 0.00001), and insulin sensitivity (MD = −21.80; 95% CI = −31.92 to −11.67;  P  < 0.00001). Regarding the subgroup analysis of different pregnant women, the effects of probiotics on FPG, insulin, and insulin resistance were more obvious among GDM and healthy women than among overweight/obese women. Furthermore, the differences were not significant in HbA1c (MD = −0.05; 95% CI = −0.12 to 0.03;  P =0.23), 1 h OGTT (MD = −0.07; 95% CI = −0.25 to 0.10;  P =0.42), and 2 h OGTT (MD = −0.03; 95% CI = −0.17 to 0.12;  P =0.72).Conclusion   This review found that probiotic supplements had certain functions to reduce the level of FPG and improve insulin, insulin resistance, and insulin sensitivity, especially for GDM and healthy pregnant women.

evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine

Probiotic Supplements Improve Blood Glucose and Insulin Resistance/Sensitivity among Healthy and GDM Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials