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Methods   Phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were detected by western blot. Immunofluorescence staining was used to validate changes in the levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF- к B)  p65  nuclear translocation. Mice were administered intraperitoneally with calycosin one hour before anaesthesia and endotracheal instillation of PM 2.5. The extent of lung injury was evaluated in the H&E-stained lung sections. Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL staining.Results   Administration of calycosin was increased in PM 2.5-treated B2B cells in a dose-dependent manner  in vitro . Fluorescence signals from anti-NF- к B  p65  were increased in nuclei of cells pretreated with calycosin. The level of p-AMPK was increased by calycosin  in vitro  and  in vivo . After pretreatment with compound C, the inhibitory effects of calycosin on cytotoxicity, levels of inflammatory cytokines and p-AMPK, and levels of NF- к B  p65  nuclear translocation were not significantly decreased  in vitro  or  in vivo .Conclusions   Calycosin effectively decreased the release of inflammatory cytokines and alleviated injury caused by PM 2.5. These effects were mediated through activation of AMPK to suppress NF- κ B signalling.

Calycosin Alleviates Injury in Airway Epithelial Cells Caused by PM 2.5 Exposure via Activation of AMPK Signalling