Normobaric Oxygen (NBO) Therapy Reduces Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Inhibition of Early Autophagy

Objectives Normobaric oxygen (NBO) therapy has great clinical potential in the treatment of ischemic stroke, but its underlying mechanism is unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy during the application of NBO on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats received 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), followed by 2, 6, or 24 hours of reperfusion. At the beginning of reperfusion, rats were randomly given NBO (95% O 2 ) or room air (21% O 2 ) for 2 hours. In some animals, 3-methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor) was administered 10 minutes before reperfusion. The severity of the ischemic injury was determined by infarct volume, neurological deficit, and apoptotic cell death. Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression of autophagy and apoptosis, while mRNA expression of apoptotic molecules was detected by real-time PCR.Results NBO treatment after ischemia/reperfusion significantly decreased infarct volume and neurobehavioral defects. The increased expression of the autophagy markers, including microtubule-associated protein 1A light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin 1, after ischemia/reperfusion was reversed by NBO, while promoting Sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1) expression. In addition, NBO reduced cerebral apoptosis in association with alleviated BAX expression and increased BCL-2 expression. 3-MA reduced autophagy and apoptotic death but did not further improve NBO-attenuated ischemic damage.Conclusion NBO induced remarkable neuroprotection from ischemic injury, which was correlated with blocked autophagy activity.