Yixintongmai Inhibits Proliferation and Migration and Promotes Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Cultured with High Glucose

Objective This study was designed to evaluate the effects of yixintongmai on proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) cultured with high glucose.Methods VSMCs of the thoracic aorta from 5- to 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured with normal (4.5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose, respectively. The concentration of yixintongmai powder at 360  μ g/ml was chosen according to pre-experimental results.Results Yixintongmai inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs (CCK-8 assay: 0.75 ± 0.04 versus 0.98 ± 0.09 OD, P < 0.001; cell counting: 37533 ± 1861 versus 56009 ± 3779 cells/well, P < 0.001) and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (0.74 ± 0.08 fold, P < 0.001) as compared with high glucose (HG). Yixintongmai inhibited the migration of VSMCs (transwell assay: 146 ± 16 versus 265 ± 62 cells; P < 0.001), scratch wound assay (0.17 ± 0.01 fold, P < 0.001), and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (0.87 ± 0.03 fold, P < 0.001) as compared with HG. Yixintongmai decreased mitochondrial membrane potentials (0.36 ± 0.12 fold, P < 0.001) and promoted early (2.11 ± 0.20 fold, P < 0.01) and late (2.11 ± 0.28 fold, P < 0.01) apoptosis of VSMCs as compared with HG. Yixintongmai inhibited the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (0.83 ± 0.07 fold, P < 0.01) and stimulated the activity of cleaved-capase-3/caspase-3 (2.00 ± 0.12 fold, P < 0.05) as compared with HG. Yixintongmai inhibited reactive oxygen species generation (0.46 ± 0.03 fold, P < 0.01) and the expression of NADPH oxidase-1 (0.84 ± 0.04 fold, P < 0.001), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF- κ B) p65 (0.71 ± 0.07 fold, P < 0.001), phosphorylated NF- κ B p65 (0.39 ± 0.02 fold, P  < 0.0001), and inhibited nuclear translocation of NF- κ B p65 (0.87 ± 0.03 fold, P < 0.001) in VSMCs as compared with HG.Conclusions Yixintongmai inhibits the proliferation and migration and promotes the apoptosis of VSMCs cultured with HG, which suggests the potential anti-atherosclerotic effects of this traditional Chinese medicine.