[Retracted] A Permissioned Blockchain‐Based Clinical Trial Service Platform to Improve Trial Data Transparency

The clinical research faces numerous challenges, from patient enrollment to data privacy concerns and regulatory requirements to spiraling costs. Blockchain technology has the potential to overcome these challenges, thus making clinical trials transparent and enhancing public trust in a fair and open process with all stakeholders because of its distinct features such as data immutability and transparency. This paper proposes a permissioned blockchain platform to ensure clinical data transparency and provides secure clinical trial-related solutions. We explore the core functionalities of blockchain applied to clinical trials and illustrate its general principle concretely. These clinical trial operations are automated using the smart contract, which ensures traceability, prevents a posteriori reconstruction, and securely automates the clinical trial. A web-based user interface is also implemented to visualize the data from the blockchain and ease the interaction with the blockchain network. A proof of concept is implemented on Hyperledger Fabric in the case study of clinical management for multiple clinical trials to demonstrate the designed approach's feasibility. Lastly, the experiment results demonstrate the efficiency and usability of the proposed platform.