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Aim   To evaluate the topical treatment of onychomycosis using a 10% hydroalcoholic propolis extract (PE) in two aleatorily chosen patients and analyze possible risk factors from hosts including some particularities of the isolated fungi that may justify the outcomes achieved.Materials and Methods   A topical treatment, with PE, was started in two cases of toe onychomycosis due to  T. rubrum . The  in vitro  PE antifungal activity against these isolates was confirmed. Moreover, the ability of the fungi to infect the human nail was evaluated also in an  ex vivo  study, analyzed by histopathology.Results   Within four months, both patients showed evident improvement, but with different outcomes. The possible host-related risk factors justifying the poorer outcome in patient 1 include a longer duration time of onychomycosis (50 years). Some particularities in the  T. rubrum  strain isolated from this patient in relation to that found in patient 2 were observed: (1) the hypha morphology suggesting a major adaptation of the fungus to the host; (2) a 16 times greater propolis concentration was required  in vitro ; and (3) a faster ability to start a growth using the nail as the only nutritional source. Additionally, this isolate was more efficient in producing a biofilm on the nail surface.Conclusions   A partial clinical and complete mycological cure for the two patients was achieved after four months of PE daily use. Despite a complete recovery, a different outcome was observed between both cases. A more persistent onychomycosis, added to greater fungal potential to produce biofilm on the nail, seems to influence greatly the success of a topical treatment with PE.

The Success of Topical Treatment of Onychomycosis Seems to Be Influenced by Fungal Features