Total Roman2-Reinforcement of Graphs

A total Roman 2 -dominating function (TR2DF) on a graph Γ = V , E is a function l : V ⟶ 0,1,2 , satisfying the conditions that (i) for every vertex y ∈ V with l y = 0 , either y is adjacent to a vertex labeled 2 under l , or y is adjacent to at least two vertices labeled 1; (ii) the subgraph induced by the set of vertices with positive weight has no isolated vertex. The weight of a TR2DF l is the value ∑ y ∈ V l y . The total Roman 2 -domination number (TR2D-number) of a graph Γ is the minimum weight of a TR2DF on Γ . The total Roman 2 -reinforcement number (TR2R-number) of a graph is the minimum number of edges that have to be added to the graph in order to decrease the TR2D-number. In this manuscript, we study the properties of TR2R-number and we present some sharp upper bounds. In particular, we determine the exact value of TR2R-numbers of some classes of graphs.