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The effect of surgical timing on vertebral refracture rate and mortality remains elusive after percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) or percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP), and we aim to assess the impact of surgical timing on vertebral refracture rate and mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous vertebroplasty.Methods   We did a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent PKP or PVP because of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) between April 1, 2014 and March 31, 2016. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of vertebral refracture. Secondary outcomes included the mortality and chronic back pain.Results   The rate of vertebral refracture was significantly lower in early surgical timing group than that in late surgical timing group (HR 2.415, 95% CI 1.318–4.427;  P  = 0.004). We found that the bone mineral density (BMD) was only the risk factor to increase the vertebral refracture rate after vertebroplasty ( P  = 0.001). In addition, there was similar mortality between the two groups (15.7% in early surgical timing group versus 10% in late surgical timing group). Male patients (27.3%, 12/44) had higher mortality compared to female patients (10.6%, 20/189), while the mortality was higher in patients with cerebral infarction (25%, 3/12) than those without cerebral infarction (12.1%, 17/140).Conclusions   Surgical timing significantly affects the vertebral refracture rate after PKP or PVP, which is also influenced by BMD. The mortality after the surgery is not affected by the surgical timing, but gender and cerebral infarction may be the risk factors of mortality.

Effect of Surgical Timing on the Refracture Rate after Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: A Retrospective Analysis of at Least 4-Year Follow-Up