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We analysed whether the hydroethanolic extracts from leaves of  Haplopappus baylahuen  Remy (bailahuen) and  Aloysia citriodora  Palau (cedron) inhibit the growth and ability of  Salmonella  Enteritidis to form biofilms and to adhere to human intestinal epithelial cells. Herein, we first determined the total phenolic content and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extracts. Then,  Salmonella  Enteritidis was treated with the extracts to analyse biofilm formation by scanning electronic microscopy and the violet crystal test. We also measured the efflux pump activity of  Salmonella  Enteritidis since biofilm formation is associated with this phenomenon. Furthermore, the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 was infected with  Salmonella  Enteritidis pretreated with the extracts, and 30 min later, the number of bacteria that adhered to the cell surface was quantified. Finally, we determined by qPCR the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation, namely, the diguanilate cyclase AdrA protein gene ( adrA ) and the BapA protein gene ( bapA ), and genes associated with adhesion, namely, the transcriptional regulator HilA ( hilA ). The phenolic content and antioxidant and bactericide activities were higher in bailahuen than in the cedron extract. Biofilm formation was inhibited by the extracts in a dose-dependent manner, while the activity of efflux pumps was decreased only with the cedron extract. Adhesion to Caco-2 cells was also inhibited without differences between doses and extracts. The extracts decreased the expression of  adrA ; with the cedron extract being the most efficient. The expression of  hilA  is affected only with the cedron extract. We concluded that hydroethanolic extracts of bailahuen and cedron differentially inhibit the growth of  Salmonella  Enteritidis and affect its the ability to form biofilms and to adhere to human intestinal epithelial cells. These results highlight the presence of molecules in bailahuen and cedron with a high potential for the control of the  Salmonella  Enteritidis pathogenesis.

biomed research international

Hydroethanolic Extracts of Haplopappus baylahuen Remy and Aloysia citriodora Palau Have Bactericide Activity and Inhibit the Ability of Salmonella Enteritidis to Form Biofilm and Adhere to Human Intestinal Cells