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Methods   The mice were randomly distributed into four groups: (a) control (CTRL) group, (b) ETEC group, (c) IQW-ETEC group, and (d) IRW-ETEC group. Villus length and crypt depth were measured after hematoxylin and eosin staining. The inflammatory reaction was analyzed via inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF- α , IL-1 β , IL-6, and IL-10) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The microbiota in the colon was sequenced using 16S ribosomal RNA.Results   The villus length decreased, the crypt depth decreased, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF- α , IL-1 β , IL-6, and IL-10) increased due to ETEC. In the IRW-ETEC and IQW-ETEC groups, the Shannon index decreased ( P  < 0.05). IQW and IRW increased the abundance of  Firmicutes ,  Proteobacteria ,  Clostridiales ,  Lachnospiraceae , and  Alloprevotella ; contrastingly, it decreased the abundance of  Epsilonproteobacteria ,  Erysipelotrichales ,  Prevotellaceae , and  Flavobacteriaceae  compared to the ETEC group ( P  <0.05).Conclusion   This study ascertained that the addition of IQW and IRW could alleviate jejunal inflammation and increase microbiota community diversity.

Effects of IQW and IRW on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in ETEC-Induced Diarrhea