Ants Can Expect the Time of an Event on Basis of Previous Experiences

Working on three ant species of the genus Myrmica , M. ruginodis , M. rubra , and M. sabuleti , we showed that foragers can expect the subsequent time at which food will be available on the basis of the previous times at which food was present. The ants acquired this expectative ability right after having experienced two time shifts of food delivery. Moreover, the ants' learning score appeared to be a logarithmic function of time (i.e., of the number of training days). This ability to expect subsequent times at which an event will occur may be an advantageous ethological trait.