Distance Degree Regular Graphs and Distance Degree Injective Graphs: An Overview

The distance from a vertex of to a vertex is the length of shortest to path. The eccentricity of is the distance to a farthest vertex from . If , we say that is an eccentric vertex of . The radius is the minimum eccentricity of the vertices, whereas the diameter is the maximum eccentricity. A vertex is a central vertex if , and a vertex is a peripheral vertex if . A graph is self-centered if every vertex has the same eccentricity; that is, . The distance degree sequence (dds) of a vertex in a graph is a list of the number of vertices at distance in that order, where denotes the eccentricity of in . Thus, the sequence is the distance degree sequence of the vertex in where denotes the number of vertices at distance from . The concept of distance degree regular (DDR) graphs was introduced by Bloom et al., as the graphs for which all vertices have the same distance degree sequence. By definition, a DDR graph must be a regular graph, but a regular graph may not be DDR. A graph is distance degree injective (DDI) graph if no two vertices have the same distance degree sequence. DDI graphs are highly irregular, in comparison with the DDR graphs. In this paper we present an exhaustive review of the two concepts of DDR and DDI graphs. The paper starts with an insight into all distance related sequences and their applications. All the related open problems are listed.