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X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency of the humoral compartment, due to a mutation in the  Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK)  gene, characterized by a severe defect of circulating B cells and serum immunoglobulins. Recurrent infections are the main clinical manifestations; although they are especially due to encapsulated bacteria, a specific association with  Campylobacter  species has been reported. Here, we report the case of a boy with XLA who presented with relapsing  Campylobacter jejuni  systemic infections. His clinical history supports the hypothesis of the persistence of  C. jejuni  in his intestinal tract. Indeed, as previously reported, XLA patients may become chronic intestinal carriers of  Campylobacter , even in absence of symptoms, with an increased risk of relapsing bacteraemia. The humoral defect is considered to be crucial for this phenomenon, as well as the difficulties to eradicate the pathogen with an appropriate antibiotic therapy; drug resistance is raising in  Campylobacter  species, and the appropriate duration of treatment has not been established.  C. jejuni  should always be suspected in XLA patients with signs and symptoms of systemic infection, and treatment should be based on antibiogram to assure the eradication of the pathogen.

RelapsingCampylobacter jejuniSystemic Infections in a Child with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia